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Site Contents
Applications
By Market
Markets
Automotive
Automotive Overview
Structural Sheet
Closure Sheet
Engine Block
Bumpers
Automotive Extrusions
Packaging
Packaging
Beverage Cans
Beverage Cans
Construction
Architectural Sheet
Processing
Rolling Processes
Rolling: Introduction
Applications of Rolled Products
Heat Treatment
Heat treatment
Annealing
Annealing: Introduction
Types of Heat Treatment
Types of Annealing Treatments
Full Anneal
Partial and Recovery Anneal
Inter-Annealing
Self Annealing
Stabilisation
Stoving
Temper Let Down or Partial Annealing Curves
Effect of Heating on Tensile Properties
Softening Rate
Annealing Exercise
Effect of Annealing on Anisotropy
Annealing: Summary
Recycled Aluminium
Recycling
Process Routes
Process Routes
Hard Rolled
Soft Annealed
Age Hardened
Coated
Materials Science
Strengthening Mechanisms
Strengthening Mechanisms: Introduction
The 4 Mechanisms
Precipitation Hardening
Precipitation Hardening Overview
Microstructural Development
Microstructural Development: Introduction
Basic Requirements for Ageing
Stages of Heat Treatment
Solution Heat Treatment
Quenching
Exercise: Quenching
Precipitation from a Supersaturated Solid Solution
Precipitation in Aluminium Alloys
Precipitation in Al-Cu
Exercise: Thermodynamics of Precipitation
Exercise: Activation Energy for Precipitation
Kinetics of Precipitation: TTT Curves
Exercise: Transformation Kinetics
Metastable Phase Solvuses
Precipitate Free Zones (PFZs)
Exercise: Width of PFZs
Microstructural Development: Summary
Strengthening Processes
Strengthening Processes: Overview
Processing - Structure - Properties
Strengthening Processes: Introduction
Coherency Strain Hardening
Chemical Hardening
Dispersion Hardening
Orowan Bowing
The Ageing Curve
Exercise
Strengthening Processes: Summary
Strain Hardening
Strain Hardening Overview
Dislocation Interactions
Strain Hardening: Basic Principles
99.5%Al Stress-Strain Curve
Al-5%Mg Stress-Strain Curve
Al-5%Mg Microstructure
Effect of Alloying on Work Hardening Rate
Strain Hardening: Summary
Solute Hardening
Solute Hardening: Introduction
Solute Hardening Overview
Solute Atom - Dislocation Interactions
Comparison of Atomic Radii
Potency of Alloying Elements
Solute Hardening: Summary
Grain Size Hardening
Grain Size Hardening Overview
Dislocation Pile-ups
Yielding Across Grains
The Hall-Petch relationship
Experiment Datasheet
Virtual Experiment
Grain Size Hardening: Summary
Softening Mechanisms
Softening Mechanisms in Aluminium Alloys
Cold Work and Stored Energy
Cold Work and Stored Energy: Introduction
Cold Work
Thermodynamic Basics
Input Energy vs. Stored Energy
Thermal Energy Generated During Rolling
Change in Stored Energy
Grain Size and Shape Changes during Cold Work I
Grain Size and Shape Changes during Cold Work II
Increase in Dislocation Density I
Increase in Dislocation Density II
Measuring Dislocation Density
Other Factors that can Affect Stored Energy
Internal Stored Energy (E)
Measurements of Internal Stored Energy
Exercises
Cold Work and Stored Energy: Summary
Recovery
Recovery: Overview
Recovery: Introduction
Effect of Recovery on Dislocation Structure I
Types of Recovery Mechanisms
Formation of Sub-grains and Polygonisation
Sub-grain Mobility
Sub-grain Rotation
Sub-grain Coarsening
Effect of Recovery on Dislocation Structure II
Kinetics of Recovery
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Solute Atoms on Recovery - Solute Drag
Effect of Particles I
Effect of Particles II
Effect of Strain on Recovery
Effect of Stacking Fault Energy
Dynamic Recovery
Extended Recovery
Recovery Exercises
Effect of Recovery on Tensile Properties
X-ray Diffraction to Study Recovery
Recovery: Summary
Recrystallisation
Recrystallisation: Introduction
Recrystallisation: Introductory questions
(Discontinuous or Primary) Recrystallisation
Nucleation of Recrystallised Grains
Strain Induced Grain Boundary Migration (SIBM)
Growth of Recrystallisation Nuclei
Grain Growth
Recrystallisation Experiment
Recovery vs Recrystallisation
Degree of Recrystallisation
Recrystallisation Kinetics
Rate of Recrystallisation
Factors that Affect Recrystallisation
Recrystallisation Temperature and Heating Rate
Effect of Rolling Strain
Effect of Rolling Strain on Grain Size
Effect of Strain Rate
Effect of Starting Grain Size
Effect of Second Phase Particles
Influence of Deformation Zones
Particle Stimulated Nucleation (PSN)
Factors that Affect PSN
Examples of PSN in Al Alloys
Effect of Intermetallic Clusters on PSN
Recrystallisation Grain Size after PSN
Efficiency of PSN Sites
Pinning of Grain Boundaries and Zener Drag
Effect of Precipitates
Particle Stimulated Nucleation Exercise
Role of Particle Size Distribution
Effect of Particle Coherency on Boundary Pinning
Effect of Solute
Effect of Crystallographic Texture on RX
Effect of Grain Orientation
Recrystallisation Rate Exercise
Factors that Hinder Recrystallisation
Recrystallised Grain Size
Recrystallisation Factors Exercise
Effect on Tensile Properties
Effect on Hardness
Effect on Electrical Conductivity
Laws of Recrystallisation
Dynamic Recrystallisation
Factors Affecting Continuous Recrystallisation
Dynamic Recrystallisation Exercise
Experiment: Effect on Hardness
Experiment: Discontinuous v Continuous RX I
Experiment: Discontinuous v Continuous RX II
Anneal Time Exercise
Recrystallised Microstructure Exercise
Processing Exercise
Recrystallisation Terms Exercise
Techniques of Measuring
Quantitative Metallurgy
Recrystallisation: Summary
Grain Growth
Grain Growth: Overview
Grain Growth: Introduction
Critical Grain Size for Grain Growth
Effect of Solute Atoms (Solute Drag)
Effect of Second Phase Particles I
Effect of Second Phase Particles II
Grain Growth Exercise
Effect of Crystallographic Texture on Grain Growth
Effect of Specimen Size
Grain Boundary Energy I
Grain Boundary Energy II
Kinetics of Grain Growth I
Kinetics of Grain Growth II
Grain Growth Exercise
Zener Limit for Grain Growth
Topological Aspects of Grain Growth
Abnormal Grain Growth
Conditions for Secondary Recrystallisation
Grain Growth Structure Exercise
Grain Growth Terms Exercise
Effect of Grain Growth on Tensile Properties
Grain Growth: Summary
Solution Treatment
Solution Heat Treatment: Overview
Solution Heat Treatment: Basic Principles
Mechanism for Solution Heat Treatment
Heating Rate
Soaking Temperature
Soaking Time
Factors affecting Solution Heat Treatment Time
Quench Media
Cooling Conditions
Quench Sensitivity
Quench Sensitivity Exercise
TTT (Time-temperature-transformation) Curves
Importance of SH Treatment Prior to Ageing
Effects of Under-Solutionising
TTT Exercise
Effect of Quench Rate on Tensile Properties
Solution Heat Treatment: Summary
Overaging
Overaging: Introduction
Dislocation - Particle Interaction
Oswald Ripening
Overaging Exercises
Factors that Influence Overaging
Overaging: Summary
Annealing
Annealing: Introduction
Types of Heat Treatment
Types of Annealing Treatments
Full Anneal
Partial and Recovery Anneal
Inter-Annealing
Self Annealing
Stabilisation
Stoving
Temper Let Down or Partial Annealing Curves
Effect of Heating on Tensile Properties
Softening Rate
Annealing Exercise
Effect of Annealing on Anisotropy
Annealing: Summary
Anisotropy
Anisotropy Overview
Structural Anisotropy of Natural Materials (1)
Structural Anisotropy of Natural Materials (2)
Structural Anisotropy of Man-Made Composites (1)
Structural Anisotropy of Man-Made Composites (2)
Anisotropy in Aluminium
Anisotropy in Al: Young Modulus
Anisotropy in Al: Stress-Strain Behaviour
Representing Texture
How do we Represent Textures?
Stereographic Projection: Definition
Stereographic Projection: <100> Poles
Stereographic Projection: <111> Poles
Pole Figures for Polycrystals
Pole Figures for Polycrystals II
Limitations of Pole Figures
Euler Angles Defined
Euler Angles and Euler Space
Orientation Distribution Function (ODF)
Causes of Anisotropy
Slip in a Single Crystal
Alloying
Alloying
Classification Systems
Classification Systems
Wrought Alloy Designations
Wrought Alloy Classifications
1xxx Series
2xxx Series
3xxx Series
4xxx Series
5xxx Series
6xxx Series
7xxx Series
8xxx Series
Casting Alloy Designations
Casting Alloys Classifications
Temper Designations
Temper Designations
Phase Diagrams
Binary Phase Diagrams for Aluminium
Al-Cu Phase Diagram
Al-Mg Phase Diagram
Al-Cr Phase Diagram
Al-Fe Phase Diagram
Al-Mn Phase Diagram
Al-Si Phase Diagram
Al-Ti Phase Diagram
Al-Zn Phase Diagram
Exercise
Crystal Structure
Crystal Structure Introduction
α
-Aluminium
θ
'' Phase in Al-Cu
θ
' Phase in Al-Cu
θ
Phase in Al-Cu
S Phase in Al-Cu-Mg
